How Many Quarts In A Liter

Scientists scour globe to map microbe genes

Microbes are everywhere.

The human gut is host to about 100 trillion bacterial cells, about 10 times the number of human cells in the entire body. A quart of seawater contains about 1 billion bacteria cells from 400,000 different species.

Yet we know almost nothing about most of the microbes.

How do they interact with each other? Do they make toxins, break down oils, kill pathogens or contribute to climate change? Could they help save an endangered animal?

Now, a global network of scientists, including some in San Diego County, is trying to catalog the genetic maps of the 5 million species of bacteria that occupy every corner of the planet — deserts, oceans, crop fields, mountain rocks, sea floors, prairies, suburban backyards, high-altitude winds and even the feces of animals.

The ambitious effort, known as the Earth Microbiome Project , promises to revolutionize microbiology just as the field was permanently altered by the creation of the microscope, the development of cell culturing techniques and the discovery of pasturization.

The process undertaken by the project even has a name: metagenomics.

“It truly is the new science of the 21st Century,” said John Wooley, a professor of bioinformatics and computational biology at the University of California San Diego.

At the heart of the undertaking are a pair of local companies.

Mo-Bio Laboratories of Carlsbad is providing 10,000 kits for isolating high-quality DNA from samples collected by project investigators.

Those samples are being sequenced on HiSeq 2000 machines made by San Diego-based Illumina and located at participating U.S. research labs and BGI, one of the world’s largest genetic sequencing centers in Shenzhen, China.

Illumina has led the way in reducing the time it takes to sequence organisms and dramatically lowering the cost for the work, essential developments for making the microbiome project possible.

“We can sequence DNA from a billion cells in one sample for about $15,000,” said Jack Gilbert, one of the project’s leaders and an environmental microbiologist at the Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory in suburban Chicago. “That’s a game changer.”

It’s surprising we know so little about microbes.

Early forms of bacteria were crawling across the earth more than 3 billion years ago, and they play a role in nearly every aspect of life on the planet.

how many quarts in a liter | olenredo

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